Power amplifier protection using a cyclic redundancy check on the digital transport of data

ABSTRACT

A method of conditioning payload data includes providing a processor and receiving a packet comprising payload data, a first error code, and a second error code. The method also includes computing, using the processor, a first recalculated error code and determining a difference between the first error code and the first recalculated error code. The method further includes modifying the payload data in response to determining the difference.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/095,706, filed on Dec. 3, 2013; which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/733,324, filed on Dec. 4, 2012. Each of these references is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Wireless and mobile network operators face the continuing challenge of building networks that effectively manage high data-traffic growth rates. Mobility and an increased level of multimedia content for end users requires end-to-end network adaptations that support both new services and the increased demand for broadband and flat-rate Internet access. One of the most difficult challenges faced by network operators is maximizing the capacity of their DAS networks while ensuring cost-effective DAS deployments and at the same time providing a very high degree of DAS remote unit availability.

Despite the progress made in DAS networks, there is a need in the art for improved methods and systems related to DAS networks.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to communication systems using complex modulation techniques. More specially, the present invention relates to power amplifier systems that contain a microprocessor or other digital components, such as a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). Power amplifiers are very sensitive to rapid changes in the signals passing through them. Unplugging the communications media (Fiber Optic Cable, Ethernet, Microwave Link, etc.) or abruptly cutting the cable can create unwanted spikes in the complex signals. These spikes can be delivered to the power amplifier and subsequently damage the internal devices. Embodiments of the present invention provide an efficient and effective method of protecting power amplifiers in a remote unit to which data has been transported over a digital link from a host unit to the remote unit.

Embodiments of the present invention provide systems and techniques that are based on performing a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) on the transmitted data at the Host unit and then again on the received data at the remote unit, which contains the power amplifier. Any discrepancy between the two CRC codes will imply that the data has been corrupted with errors.

As described herein, embodiments of the present invention provide protection for power amplifiers utilized in transmission systems. By modifying payload data (e.g., reducing the amplitude of I/Q payload data) in response to the detection of errors or corruption of the payload data, embodiments of the present invention provide protection for power amplifiers not available using conventional techniques.

The present invention is applicable to any communication system with a power amplifier. A communication link can be established between a local host unit and a remote unit that contains a power amplifier. A Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) that incorporates a processor, such as a Power PC or Microblaze, controls the data flow to and from the Remote Unit.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a Distributed Antenna System (DAS), which includes one or more Digital Access Units (DAUs) and one or more Digital Remote Units (DRUs).

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a Digital Access Unit (DAU).

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a Digital Remote Unit (DRU).

FIG. 4 shows the mapping of the data frame structure used to communicate between the DAU and the DRUs.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the Framer structure.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the De-Framer along with the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) code comparison at the DRU.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing the decision tree and payload setting given an error in the CRC check comparison.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

A distributed antenna system (DAS) provides an efficient means of utilization of base station resources. The base station or base stations associated with a DAS can be located in a central location and/or facility commonly known as a base station hotel. The DAS network comprises one or more digital access units (DAUs) that function as the interface between the base stations and the digital remote units (DRUs). The DAUs can be collocated with the base stations. The DRUs can be daisy chained together and/or placed in a star configuration and provide coverage for a given geographical area. The DRUs are typically connected with the DAUs by employing a high-speed optical fiber link. This approach facilitates transport of the RF signals from the base stations to a remote location or area served by the DRUs.

An embodiment shown in FIG. 1 illustrates a basic DAS network architecture according to an embodiment of the present invention and provides an example of a data transport scenario between a Base Station and multiple DRUs. In this embodiment, the DRUs are connected to the DAU in a star configuration to achieve coverage in a specific geographical area.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a Distributed Antenna System which includes one or more Digital Access Units 103 and one or more Digital Remote Units 101. The DAUs interface to one of more Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) 108. Up to N DRUs can be utilized in conjunction with a DAU. Additional description related to DAS architectures is provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/211,243, filed on Aug. 16, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,682,338, issued on Mar. 25, 2014, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a DAU system for base-station applications according to one embodiment of the present invention. The DAU system for the base-station applications has RF input and output signals 203 and optical input and output signals 201. The DAU system includes four key parts; a FPGA-based digital part 205, a down converter and up-converter part 204, analog to digital and digital to analog converter part 208, and a optical laser and detector part 209. The FPGA-based digital part 205 includes a field programmable gate array (FPGA), digital signal processing (DSP) units, Framers/De-Framers, and Serializers/De-Serializers. Additional description related to DAUs is provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/767,669, filed on May 26, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,026,067, issued on May 5, 2015, Ser. No. 13/211,236, filed on Aug. 16, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,848,766, issued on Sep. 30, 2014, and Ser. No. 13/211,247, filed on Aug. 16, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,737,300, issued on May 27, 2014, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a Digital Remote Unit (DRU) system according to one embodiment of the present invention. The DRU system has bidirectional optical signals 300 communicating with the DAU and bidirectional RF signals 320 transmitted and received by the RF antenna. The DRU system includes four key parts; a FPGA-based digital part 312, a down converter 313 and an up-converter 314 (the group labeled as 323), analog to digital (308) and digital to analog converter (309) (the group labeled as 321), an optical laser and detector part 322, and a power amplifier part 318. Additional description related to DRUs is provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/928,943, filed on Dec. 21, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,542,768, issued on Sep. 24, 2013, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Embodiments of the present invention provide methods and systems for protecting the power amplifier 318 from uncontrolled variations in signal.

As illustrated in FIG. 3, a fiber 300 is optically coupled to the DRU at SFP1 301. If the fiber is unplugged or the fiber line cut, then data that is being delivered from the DAU to the DRU will be corrupted, potentially resulting in large signal swings that are delivered to the power amplifier. Such large signal swings could damage the power amplifier.

FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the frame structure for the data that is transported between the DAU and DRUs. The data frame structure includes six portions or elements; the SYNC portion 401, the Vendor specific information portion 402, the control and management (C&M) portion 403, the payload data portion 404, the CRC high byte portion 405 and the CRC low byte portion 406. The SYNC portion 401 is used at the receiver to synchronize the clock of the transported data. The vendor specific information portion 402 is allocated for identifying the individual vendor information, which can include IP addresses associated with information and other information that can be specific to a particular vendor (e.g., a wireless carrier). The control and management portion 403 is used to monitor and control the remote units as well as perform software upgrades. Network control information and performance monitoring along with control signals can be transmitted in the C&M portion 403. The payload I/Q data portion 404 includes the cellular baseband data from the BTS 108 or from the RF antenna port 320. The payload included in this portion is eventually amplified by the amplifier 318 illustrated in FIG. 3. CRC16H 405 and CRC16L 406 are the cyclic redundancy checks that are generated from the payload I/Q data before transport over the fiber. Although CRC-16 is utilized in this figure, this particular CRC is not required by the present invention and other CRC codes can be utilized, including, without limitation, CRC-8, CRC-32, CRC-64, and the like. Moreover, although CRC codes are discussed herein, the present invention is not limited to these particular error corrections codes and other suitable error corrections codes can be utilized by embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of the CRC16H 502 and CRC16L 503 data construction from the payload IQ data 501. Thus, FIG. 5 illustrates how the portions of the data frame structure shown in FIG. 4 is generated. The processing illustrated in FIG. 5 occurs at the DAU. Referring to the inputs to the Framer 504, SYNC 401, C&M 402, and Vendor Specific Information 403 are provided as inputs to the Framer 504. The payload data (i.e., the raw I & Q data) is passed through the I & Q Data Processor 501 on the bus payload_(DAU). Additionally, the payload data is split into a high side byte and a low side byte by the Payload I & Q Data Processor 501. Each of the high side byte (H-byte_(DAU)) and the low side byte (L-byte_(DAU)) are sent to a distinct CRC16 cyclic redundancy check generator, CRC16 502 and CRC16 503, respectively. The resultant CRC16 codes (CRC16 H_(DAU) and CRC16 L_(DAU)) are then packaged by Framer 504 along with the payload data, SYNC, Vendor Specific Information, and C&M data.

Although embodiments of the present invention utilize the high byte and the low byte from the payload data, this is not required by the present invention and other portions of the payload can be utilized to generate the CRC data. Moreover, although a high byte and a low byte are illustrated in FIG. 5, the present invention is not limited to the use of a single byte for the high byte or the low byte and multiple bytes of data can be utilized for the high and low “byte” portions extracted from the payload.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the payload conditioning system. The payload conditioning processes illustrated in FIG. 6 are performed at the DRU. Referring to FIG. 3, data is received at the DRU over fiber 300 as an optical signal. Accordingly, processing is done at the DRU to determine if errors are present in the optical data. The payload conditioning system includes a De-Framer 601 that separates the payload I/Q data from the CRC16H and CRC16L data. As illustrated in FIG. 6, the De-Framer 601 generates the data fields discussed in relation to FIG. 4: SYNC, Vendor Specific Information, C & M, as well as payload I & Q data (payload_(DRU)). Additionally, the De-Framer 601 generates the CRC16 H_(DRU) code and the CRC16 L_(DRU) code. Referring to FIG. 5, in the absence of errors, the CRC16 H_(DAU) code and the CRC16 L_(UAU) code provided to the Framer 504 are thus generated by the De-Framer 601 as CRC16 H_(DRU) and CRC16 L_(DRU).

In addition, the De-Framer 601 uses the payload I & Q data (payload_(DRU)) received at the DRU and generates a high side byte (H-byte_(DRU)) and a low side byte (L-byte_(DRU)). Referring to FIG. 5, in the absence of errors, the high side byte (H-byte_(DAU)) and the low side byte (L-byte_(DAU)) provided to the Framer 504 are thus generated by the De-Framer 601 as high side byte (H-byte_(DRU)) and low side byte (L-byte_(DRU)).

If an error had occurred during the transportation of the payload I/Q data then the CRC16H 602 and/or CRC16L 603 could be used to detect the error. However, there is a finite possibility that an error may have occurred in the regenerated CRC16H_(DRU) and CRC16L_(DRU) data. Under this condition, the payload I/Q data may be deemed to be correct despite the occurrence of an error. This scenario may give rise to allowing an error in the payload I/Q data to be transmitted to the power amplifier 318. Large fluctuations in the payload I/Q data have the potential of damaging the power amplifier in the DRU.

In order to further reduce the possibility of an error propagating to the power amplifier, a recalculation of the CRC codes is performed on the received payload I/Q data at CRC16H 602 and CRC16L 603. Referring to FIG. 6, CRC16 602 generates a new signal CRC16 HH and CRC16 603 generates a new signal CRC16 LL. A comparison is then performed between the received CRC16 data bytes and the recalculated CRC16 data bytes. The comparison between CRC16 H_(DRU) and CRC16 HH is illustrated at CRC Comparison Check 604 and the comparison between CRC16 L_(DRU) and CRC16 LL is illustrated at CRC Comparison Check 605. These comparisons produce data values CRC Check H and CRC Check L, respectively. If the comparison checks determine that the CRC16 H and CRC16 L values are not corrupted, then the payload can be transmitted at 607. Referring to FIG. 3, output 607 is associated with the output from the Framer/Deframer 304 that is delivered to DUC 306.

On the other hand, if there is a disagreement between the received and recalculated values, then this implies that the payload data is corrupted. In this case, the payload I/Q data is all set to zero in some embodiments. In these embodiments, the payload output at 607 will be a null value. Setting the payload data to zero or other suitable small value insures that no large fluctuations occur in the payload I/Q data when an error is detected.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a method for detecting for data errors and setting the payload I/Q data to a predetermined value or set of values (e.g., zero) in the event of a detected error according to an embodiment of the present invention. Alternative embodiments such as a gain adjustment to the payload I/Q data can be implemented as opposed to simply zeroing the payload I/Q data. The next packet is collected along with the payload, a first error code, and a second error code (710). In an embodiment, the first error code is a CRC code computed as a function of high bits in the payload (CRC16 H_(DRU)) and the second error code is a CRC code computed as a function of low bytes in the payload (CRC16 L_(DRU)), but this is not required by embodiments of the present invention.

Using the payload, the first error code, and the second error code, a first recalculated error code and a second recalculated error code are computed (712). The first error code is compared to the first recalculated error code (e.g., CRC16 H_(DRU) and CRC16 HH) and the second error code is compared to the second recalculated error code (e.g., CRC16 L_(DRU) and CRC16 LL) (714). If both sets of values are equal, the payload is passed on as the payload output (718). If there is a discrepancy between the sets of values, which indicates corruption of the payload during transmission, then the payload is modified in order to protect the power amplifier (716). In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7, the payload output is set to zero (i.e., the I/Q data is nulled) but this is not required by the present invention. For example, a scaling function could be used to attenuate the payload to a reduced value (e.g., below a predetermined threshold) in comparison to the original signal. The particular threshold can depend on the characteristics of the transmitted payload data and the power amplifier, for example, less than 100% of the original signal strength or amplitude, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 1%, values in this range, or the like. It should be noted that in some packet switched systems, loss of payload data occasioned by the power amplifier protection techniques described herein can be remedied by repeat requests that are made by system components as appropriate to the particular application.

Additionally, in addition to abrupt changes in the payload data values, a time average or a moving average of previous payload data values could be stored and then used to modify the payload data when corruption is detected. As will be evident to one of skill in the art, the modification of the payload data can be various ways of altering and/or reducing the amplitude of the I/Q data. As an example, the values can be decreased exponentially over time, averaged with previous data, or the like. For instance, previous data could be retransmitted, with subsequent data reduced in amplitude either instantly, linearly, with an exponential decay (for example, with an exponential decay time constant of a fraction of the length of the payload data), combinations thereof, or the like. Thus, various methods can be used to modify the payload data to produce modified data with an I/Q amplitude less than the previously transmitted payload data.

It should be appreciated that the specific steps illustrated in FIG. 7 provide a particular method of method for detecting for data errors and setting the payload I/Q data to a predetermined value or set of values (e.g., zero) in the event of a detected error according to an embodiment of the present invention. Other sequences of steps may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the steps outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual steps illustrated in FIG. 7 may include multiple sub-steps that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual step. Furthermore, additional steps may be added or removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, modifications, and alternatives.

It is also understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims.

Appendix I is a glossary of terms used herein, including acronyms.

APPENDIX I Glossary of Terms

-   ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio -   ACPR Adjacent Channel Power Ratio -   ADC Analog to Digital Converter -   AQDM Analog Quadrature Demodulator -   AQM Analog Quadrature Modulator -   AQDMC Analog Quadrature Demodulator Corrector -   AQMC Analog Quadrature Modulator Corrector -   BPF Bandpass Filter -   CDMA Code Division Multiple Access -   CFR Crest Factor Reduction -   DAC Digital to Analog Converter -   DET Detector -   DHMPA Digital Hybrid Mode Power Amplifier -   DDC Digital Down Converter -   DNC Down Converter -   DPA Doherty Power Amplifier -   DQDM Digital Quadrature Demodulator -   DQM Digital Quadrature Modulator -   DSP Digital Signal Processing -   DUC Digital Up Converter -   EER Envelope Elimination and Restoration -   EF Envelope Following -   ET Envelope Tracking -   EVM Error Vector Magnitude -   FFLPA Feedforward Linear Power Amplifier -   FIR Finite Impulse Response -   FPGA Field-Programmable Gate Array -   GSM Global System for Mobile communications -   I-Q In-phase/Quadrature -   IF Intermediate Frequency -   LINC Linear Amplification using Nonlinear Components -   LO Local Oscillator -   LPF Low Pass Filter -   MCPA Multi-Carrier Power Amplifier -   MDS Multi-Directional Search -   OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing -   PA Power Amplifier -   PAPR Peak-to-Average Power Ratio -   PD Digital Baseband Predistortion -   PLL Phase Locked Loop -   QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation -   QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying -   RF Radio Frequency -   RRH Remote Radio Head -   RRU Remote Radio Head Unit -   SAW Surface Acoustic Wave Filter -   UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System -   UPC Up Converter -   WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access -   WLAN Wireless Local Area Network 

1-16. (canceled)
 17. A method for receiving and amplifying a signal, comprising: receiving a data frame containing a digital payload of baseband I/Q data; detecting errors in the digital payload; modifying the digital payload in response to the detected errors; converting the digital payload from digital to analog to create an analog payload; upconverting the analog payload to create an upconverted analog payload; providing the upconverted analog payload to a power amplifier.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein modifying the digital payload in response to the detected errors comprises modifying the digital payload by nulling the digital payload.
 19. The method of claim 17 wherein modifying the digital payload in response to the detected errors comprises altering the digital payload by adjusting a gain of the digital payload.
 20. The method of claim 17 wherein modifying the digital payload in response to the detected errors comprises attenuating the digital payload to a reduced value.
 21. The method of claim 17 wherein modifying the digital payload in response to the detected errors comprises altering the digital payload by altering the amplitude of the baseband I/Q data.
 22. The method of claim 17 wherein modifying the digital payload in response to the detected errors comprises maintaining an average of previous digital payload values and modifying the digital payload in response to the average of previous digital payload values.
 23. A digital remote unit, comprising: an input path operable to receive a data frame containing a digital payload of baseband I/Q data; an FPGA loaded with executable code operable to detect errors in the digital payload and modify the digital payload in response to the detected errors; a digital-to-analog converter operable to convert the digital payload from digital to analog to create an analog payload; an upconverter operable to upconvert the analog payload to create an upconverted analog payload; a power amplifier operable to receive and amplify the upconverted analog payload.
 24. The remote unit of claim 23 wherein the FPGA is loaded with executable code operable to modify the digital payload by nulling the digital payload.
 25. The remote unit of claim 23 wherein the FPGA is loaded with executable code operable to alter the digital payload by adjusting a gain of the digital payload.
 26. The remote unit of claim 23 wherein the FPGA is loaded with executable code operable to attenuate the digital payload to a reduced value.
 27. The remote unit of claim 23 wherein the FPGA is loaded with executable code operable to alter the amplitude of the baseband I/Q data.
 28. The remote unit of claim 23 wherein the FPGA is loaded with executable code operable to modify the digital payload in response to the average of previous digital payload values.
 29. A system for transporting data, comprising: a host unit; a plurality of remote units, each remote unit communicatively coupled to the at least one host unit; wherein the host unit is operable to send and receive digital signals from each of the plurality of remote units; wherein each of the plurality of remote units includes an error detecting function and an algorithm operable to alter a payload signal when errors are detected.
 30. The system of claim 29 wherein the algorithm operable to alter a payload signal when errors are detected is operable to null the digital payload.
 31. The system of claim 29 wherein the algorithm operable to alter a payload signal when errors are detected is operable to adjust a gain of the digital payload.
 32. The system of claim 29 wherein the algorithm operable to alter a payload signal when errors are detected is operable to attenuate the digital payload to a reduced value.
 33. The system of claim 29 wherein the payload signal comprises baseband I/Q data and the algorithm operable to alter a payload signal when errors are detected is operable to alter the amplitude of the baseband I/Q data.
 34. The system of claim 29 wherein the algorithm operable to alter a payload signal when errors are detected is operable to modify the digital payload in response to the average of previous digital payload values.
 35. The system of claim 29 wherein the plurality of remote units are connected in a daisy chain configuration.
 36. The system of claim 29 wherein the host unit is operable to receive, from a signal source, signals representative of wireless RF communications. 